- Image Compression Definition
- Squash — Web Image Compression 2 0 46
- Squash — Web Image Compression 2 0 42
- Squash — Web Image Compression 2 0 40
Jyrki Alakuijala, Ph.D., Google, Inc.
Vincent Rabaud, Ph.D., Google, Inc.
Last updated: 2017-08-01
Vincent Rabaud, Ph.D., Google, Inc.
Last updated: 2017-08-01
Squash - Web Image Compression v2.0.1 (Mac OS X) 10 MB Squash is a simple, power ful app for compressing and converting images for the web and more Comments (0) Read More. The web compression buckling capacity, R n, is a function of web thickness, t w, clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius for rolled shapes, h, modulus of elasticity, E, and web yield stress, F yw. Loaded width, N, is not a variable.
Abstract -- We compare the resource usage of WebPencoder/decoder to that of PNG in both lossless and lossy modes. We usea corpus of 12000 randomly chosen translucent PNG images from the web,and simpler measurements to show variation in performance. We haverecompressed the PNGs in our corpus to compare WebP images tosize-optimized PNGs. In our results we show that WebP is a goodreplacement for PNG for use on the web regarding both size and processingspeed.
Introduction
WebP supports lossless and translucent images, making it an alternativeto the PNG format. Many ofthe fundamental techniques used in PNG compression, such as dictionarycoding, Huffman coding and color indexing transform are supported inWebP as well, which results in similar speed and compression densityin the worst case. At the same time, a number of new features -- suchas separate entropy codes for different color channels, 2D locality ofbackward reference distances, and a color cache of recently usedcolors -- allow for improved compression density with most images.
In this work, we compare the performance of WebP to PNGs that arehighly compressed using pngcrush and ZopfliPNG. We recompressed ourreference corpus of web images using best practices, and compared bothlossless and lossy WebP compression against this corpus. In additionto the reference corpus, we chose two larger images, one photographicand the other graphical, for speed and memory use benchmarking.
Decoding speeds faster than PNG have been demonstrated, as well as 23%denser compression than what can be achieved using today's PNG format. Weconclude that WebP is a moreefficient replacement for today's PNG image format. Further, the lossyimage compression with lossless alpha support gives further possibilities inspeeding up web sites.
Methods
Command line Tools
We use the following command-line tools to measure performance:
- cwebp and dwebp. These tools that are part of the libwebp library (compiled from head).
- convert. This is a command-line tool part of ImageMagick software (6.7.7-10 2017-07-21).
- pngcrush 1.8.12 (Jul 30 2017)
- ZopfliPNG (Jul 17th 2017)
We use the command line tools with their respective control flags. Forexample, if we refer to cwebp -q 1 -m 0, it means that the cwebp toolhas been evoked with -q 1 and -m 0 flags.
Image Corpora
Three corpora were chosen:
- A single photographic image (Figure 1),
- A single graphical image with translucency (Figure 2), and
- A web corpus: 12000 randomly chosen PNG images with translucency or not, crawled from the Internet. These PNG images are optimized via convert, pngcrush, ZopfliPNG and the smallest version of each image is considered for the study.
Figure 1. Photographic image, 1024 x 752 pixels. Fire breathing'Jaipur Maharaja Brass Band' Chassepierre Belgium, Author: LucViatour, Photo licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Author website ishere.
Figure 2. Graphical image, 1024 x 752 pixels. Collage images fromGoogle Chart Tools
To measure the full capability of the existing format, PNG, we haverecompressed all these original PNG images using several methods:
- Clamp to 8 bits per component: convert input.png -depth 8 output.png
- ImageMagick(1) with no predictors: convert input.png -quality 90 output-candidate.png
- ImageMagick with adaptive predictors: convert input.png -quality 95 output-candidate.png
- Pngcrush(2): pngcrush -brute -rem tEXt -rem tIME -rem iTXt -rem zTXt -rem gAMA -rem cHRM -rem iCCP -rem sRGB -rem alla -rem text input.png output-candidate.png
- ZopfliPNG(3): zopflipng --lossy_transparent input.png output-candidate.png
- ZopfliPNG with all filters: zopflipng --iterations=500 --filters=01234mepb--lossy_8bit --lossy_transparent input.png output-candidate.png
Results
We computed compression density for each of the images in the webcorpus, relative to optimized PNG image sizes for three methods:
- WebP lossless (default settings)
- WebP lossless with the smallest size (-m 6 -q 100)
- best of WebP lossless and WebP lossy with alpha (default settings).
We sorted these compression factors, and plotted them in Figure 3.
Figure 3. PNG compression density is used as a reference, at 1.0. Thesame images are compressed using both lossless and lossy methods. Foreach image, the size ratio to compressed PNG is computed, and the sizeratios are sorted, and shown for both lossless and lossycompression. For the lossy compression curve, the lossless compressionis chosen in those cases where it produces a smaller WebP image.
WebP goes beyond PNG compression density for both libpng at maximumquality (convert) as well as ZopfliPNG (Table 1), with encoding (Table2), and decoding (Table 3) speeds being roughly comparable to those ofPNG.
Table 1. Average bits-per-pixel for the three corpora using thedifferent compression methods.
![Image compression online Image compression online](https://static.macupdate.com/screenshots/186461/m/squash-screenshot.png?v=1568264881)
Image Set | convert -quality 95 | ZopfliPNG | WebP lossless -q 0 -m 1 | WebP lossless (default settings) | WebP lossless -m 6 -q 100 | WebP lossy with alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
photo | 12.3 | 12.2 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 9.83 | 0.81 |
graphic | 1.36 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.51 |
web | 6.85 | 5.05 | 4.42 | 4.04 | 3.96 | 1.92 |
Table 2. Average encoding time for the compression corporaand for different compression methods.
Image Set | convert -quality 95 | ZopfliPNG | WebP lossless -q 0 -m 1 | WebP lossless (default settings) | WebP lossless -m 6 -q 100 | WebP lossy with alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
photo | 0.500 s | 8.7 s | 0.293 s | 0.780 s | 8.440 s | 0.111 s |
graphic | 0.179 s | 14.0 s | 0.065 s | 0.140 s | 3.510 s | 0.184 s |
web | 0.040 s | 1.55 s | 0.017 s | 0.072 s | 2.454 s | 0.020 s |
Table 3. Average decoding time for the three corpora for image filesthat are compressed with different methods and settings.
Image Set | convert -quality 95 | ZopfliPNG | WebP lossless -q 0 -m 1 | WebP lossless (default settings) | WebP lossless -m 6 -q 100 | WebP lossy with alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
photo | 0.027 s | 0.026 s | 0.027 s | 0.026 s | 0.027 | 0.012 s |
graphics | 0.049 s | 0.015 s | 0.005 s | 0.005 s | 0.003 | 0.010 s |
web | 0.007 s | 0.005 s | 0.003 s | 0.003 s | 0.003 | 0.003 s |
Memory Profiling
For the memory profiling, we recorded the maximum resident set size asreported by /usr/bin/time -v
For the web corpus, the size of the largest image alone defines themaximal memory use. To keep the memory measurement better defined weuse a single photographic image (Figure 1) to give an overview ofmemory use. The graphical image gives similar results.
We measured 10 to 19 MiB for libpng and ZopfliPNG, and 25 MiB and 32 MiBfor WebP lossless encoding at settings -q 0 -m 1, and -q 95 (with adefault value of -m), respectively.
In a decoding experiment, convert -resize 1x1 uses 10 MiB for both thelibpng and ZopfliPNG generated PNG files. Using cwebp, WebP losslessdecoding uses 7 MiB, and lossy decoding 3 MiB.
Conclusions
We have shown that both encoding and decoding speeds are in the samedomain of those of PNG. There is an increase in the memory use duringthe encoding phase, but the decoding phase shows a healthy decrease,at least when comparing the behavior of cwebp to that ofImageMagick's convert.
The compression density is better for more than 99% of the web images,suggesting that one can relatively easily change from PNG to WebP.
When WebP is run with default settings, it compresses 42% better thanlibpng, and 23% better than ZopfliPNG. This suggests that WebP ispromising for speeding up image heavy websites.
References
External Links
The following are independent studies not sponsored by Google, and Googledoesn't necessarily stand behind the correctness of all their contents.
Nature has showered us with a variety of fruits and vegetables which we merge with our creativity and foody instinct. We have labelled almost all the edible ones we know with different names and even placed them into categories depending on their similarities and differences. We have a variety of the same vegetable or fruit which take a new form in accordance with the season or environment, the climate or the soil. There is one vegetable which has one of the highest varieties and is classified into the summer and the winter type. This versatility rests with squash. Yes! This veggie is available in multiple shapes and colours, which also differ in taste.
The summer and winter forms do not actually mean the seasonal type but it is purely based on the perishability of this green. The ones which have harder skin and seeds are more durable than the ones with thinner peel, and as such they have been termed as winter squash. Do not be surprised if you come across a winter squash in summers as both the variations are found round the year. After reading this article, you will have an idea as to which squash can be stored for a longer period and which are the ones which we cannot. Summer squash can be kept for one or two weeks whereas, when taken care of, winter squash can be used for months.
Among the different varieties, these are a few popular ones which we might have seen in the market but did not know that it belonged to the squash family.
The summer and winter forms do not actually mean the seasonal type but it is purely based on the perishability of this green. The ones which have harder skin and seeds are more durable than the ones with thinner peel, and as such they have been termed as winter squash. Do not be surprised if you come across a winter squash in summers as both the variations are found round the year. After reading this article, you will have an idea as to which squash can be stored for a longer period and which are the ones which we cannot. Summer squash can be kept for one or two weeks whereas, when taken care of, winter squash can be used for months.
Among the different varieties, these are a few popular ones which we might have seen in the market but did not know that it belonged to the squash family.
1. Kabocha
This winter squash type is known in New Zealand and Australia as Japanese pumpkin. This has a number of varieties such as Cutie, Emiguri, Ajihei, Miyako and Ebisu. Kabocha has a dark green coloured skin and has a shape similar to a pumpkin. The peel is hard and inside it is orange-yellow.
This winter squash type is known in New Zealand and Australia as Japanese pumpkin. This has a number of varieties such as Cutie, Emiguri, Ajihei, Miyako and Ebisu. Kabocha has a dark green coloured skin and has a shape similar to a pumpkin. The peel is hard and inside it is orange-yellow.
![Image compression definition Image compression definition](https://www.realmacsoftware.com/squash/files/zoom_image_4291991.jpg)
Photo Credit
https://saucymommy.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/kabocha-squash-stuffed-with-spareribs-ready-to-steam.jpg
https://saucymommy.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/kabocha-squash-stuffed-with-spareribs-ready-to-steam.jpg
2. Acorn
In colour and texture, it is similar to kabocha, but its shape is elongated. Acorn squash is known by different names as Des Moines squash or pepper squash. The ridges are distinct and even though it is a winter squash, it has similarities to the summer squash variety.
In colour and texture, it is similar to kabocha, but its shape is elongated. Acorn squash is known by different names as Des Moines squash or pepper squash. The ridges are distinct and even though it is a winter squash, it has similarities to the summer squash variety.
Photo Credit
http://www.ahealthiermichigan.org/2013/11/06/health-benefits-of-acorn-squash/
http://www.ahealthiermichigan.org/2013/11/06/health-benefits-of-acorn-squash/
3. Delicata
The Delicata squash has a tender skin and probably this is the reason behind the name. It has a creamy colour skin with green striped lines along the ridges. Because of the delicate skin this is hard to store for a long time and even in the exportation is also not feasible. Also known as Bohemian squash, peanut squash and sweet potato squash, this used in cooking and resembles the summer squash, even though it is eaten as a winter one. Texts 0 18 5 – markdown word processor.
The Delicata squash has a tender skin and probably this is the reason behind the name. It has a creamy colour skin with green striped lines along the ridges. Because of the delicate skin this is hard to store for a long time and even in the exportation is also not feasible. Also known as Bohemian squash, peanut squash and sweet potato squash, this used in cooking and resembles the summer squash, even though it is eaten as a winter one. Texts 0 18 5 – markdown word processor.
Photo Credit
http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Winter_Squash_Identification#7
http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Winter_Squash_Identification#7
4. Butternut
This vegetable is associated with pumpkin as it tastes like it and is even known as butternut pumpkin in New Zealand and Australia. The interior is orange and the outer cover looks rough yellow, which darkens as it grows. It tastes sweet and one of its most renowned types is the Waltham Butternut.
This vegetable is associated with pumpkin as it tastes like it and is even known as butternut pumpkin in New Zealand and Australia. The interior is orange and the outer cover looks rough yellow, which darkens as it grows. It tastes sweet and one of its most renowned types is the Waltham Butternut.
Photo Credit
http://mazwo.com/stuffed-butternut-squash-2/
http://mazwo.com/stuffed-butternut-squash-2/
5. Hubbard
Hubbard squash can be used as pie stuffing or in soups and has a wide range of vibrant rind colours like orange and gray, and within it is yellow. This winter squash can have a durability of around 6-months if stored well. It weighs between 8 to 20 pounds and owing to its huge quantity, it is sold in cut pieces.
Hubbard squash can be used as pie stuffing or in soups and has a wide range of vibrant rind colours like orange and gray, and within it is yellow. This winter squash can have a durability of around 6-months if stored well. It weighs between 8 to 20 pounds and owing to its huge quantity, it is sold in cut pieces.
Photo Credit
https://ybertaud9.wordpress.com/2012/09/21/awesome-winter-squash-recipes/
https://ybertaud9.wordpress.com/2012/09/21/awesome-winter-squash-recipes/
6. Calabaza
The Calabaza squash is also known as the West Indian pumpkin and this is cultivated in America and West Indies. However, due to its hard skin, it is transported to different places as it can be stored for longer than the ones with thinner skin. This is available in the market in cut pieces, but once cut, like any other fruit it spoils within a few days if not consumed.
The Calabaza squash is also known as the West Indian pumpkin and this is cultivated in America and West Indies. However, due to its hard skin, it is transported to different places as it can be stored for longer than the ones with thinner skin. This is available in the market in cut pieces, but once cut, like any other fruit it spoils within a few days if not consumed.
Photo Credit
http://www.waldosfarm.com/Produce.html
http://www.waldosfarm.com/Produce.html
7. Spaghetti
The name comes from the fact that this squash splits into strands like that of spaghetti. This cylindrical shiny yellow squash weighs from 4 to 8 pounds and is used in pasta or savored by adding herbs and butter. It is also termed as vegetable spaghetti, noodle squash or vegetable marrow.
The name comes from the fact that this squash splits into strands like that of spaghetti. This cylindrical shiny yellow squash weighs from 4 to 8 pounds and is used in pasta or savored by adding herbs and butter. It is also termed as vegetable spaghetti, noodle squash or vegetable marrow.
Photo Credit
http://berryripe.com/spaghetti-squash-healthy-alternative-pasta/
http://berryripe.com/spaghetti-squash-healthy-alternative-pasta/
8. Turban
Glistening yellow inside and bright coloured peel ranging from green to white to orange, this squash has a typical shape which helped it in acquiring this name. This squash has a big cap which can be removed in order to make it into a pot to hold soup and the like.
Glistening yellow inside and bright coloured peel ranging from green to white to orange, this squash has a typical shape which helped it in acquiring this name. This squash has a big cap which can be removed in order to make it into a pot to hold soup and the like.
Photo Credit
https://www.westcoastseeds.com/shop/vegetable-seeds/squash-seeds/specialty-squash-seeds/turks-turban-squash-seeds/
https://www.westcoastseeds.com/shop/vegetable-seeds/squash-seeds/specialty-squash-seeds/turks-turban-squash-seeds/
9. Gold Nugget
Gold Nugget or oriental pumpkin is a smaller version of pumpkin and it weighs between 1 to 3 pounds. This orangey squash can be cooked, cut into pieces or even prepared whole. This pumpkin look alike is also consumed by baking.
Gold Nugget or oriental pumpkin is a smaller version of pumpkin and it weighs between 1 to 3 pounds. This orangey squash can be cooked, cut into pieces or even prepared whole. This pumpkin look alike is also consumed by baking.
Photo Credit
http://www.thedailyherb.com/in-praise-for-the-field-part-2-garden-progress-report/dscn1470/
http://www.thedailyherb.com/in-praise-for-the-field-part-2-garden-progress-report/dscn1470/
10. Carnival
The Carnival squash tastes like butternut squash and sweet potato and is eaten by removing the peel. The hard skin of this winter squash is deep green in colour with light green and orange marks. This vegetable is used in soups or consumed by baking or steaming.
The Carnival squash tastes like butternut squash and sweet potato and is eaten by removing the peel. The hard skin of this winter squash is deep green in colour with light green and orange marks. This vegetable is used in soups or consumed by baking or steaming.
Photo Credit
http://kitchentangents.com/2011/11/26/thanksgiving-improv/
http://kitchentangents.com/2011/11/26/thanksgiving-improv/
11. Ambercup
This too looks like a little pumpkin with dark orange skin as well as flesh. It can be roasted by cutting into cubes and being a winter squash is storable for a long time. The flesh is not mushy and has a sweet taste.
This too looks like a little pumpkin with dark orange skin as well as flesh. It can be roasted by cutting into cubes and being a winter squash is storable for a long time. The flesh is not mushy and has a sweet taste.
Photo Credit
http://frontporchfarm.net/produce/winter-squash/amber-cup-kabocha/
http://frontporchfarm.net/produce/winter-squash/amber-cup-kabocha/
12. Banana
The Banana squash belongs to the Cucurbita maxima species like hubbard and buttercup squash. Its peel colour varies from orange, pink and light blue and the inside is a peculiar shade of orange. It has a long structure and can be used to make pie and even soup.
The Banana squash belongs to the Cucurbita maxima species like hubbard and buttercup squash. Its peel colour varies from orange, pink and light blue and the inside is a peculiar shade of orange. It has a long structure and can be used to make pie and even soup.
Photo Credit
http://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/content/squash
http://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/content/squash
Image Compression Definition
13. Sweet Dumpling
This small squash has a skin coated with cream colour and the ridges are dark green. It looks like a pumpkin but is pressed on the top which gives it a distinct shape. The flesh greenish to orange in colour, has slightly sweet taste and is also soft. This squash is good for baking as it is small in size and can be cooked whole.
This small squash has a skin coated with cream colour and the ridges are dark green. It looks like a pumpkin but is pressed on the top which gives it a distinct shape. The flesh greenish to orange in colour, has slightly sweet taste and is also soft. This squash is good for baking as it is small in size and can be cooked whole.
Photo Credit
http://acolorfulpalate.com/2014/11/06/sweet-dumpling-squash-fritters/
http://acolorfulpalate.com/2014/11/06/sweet-dumpling-squash-fritters/
14. Eight Balls
This tiny squash variety is a form of zucchini squash and it is preferably eaten young. When they become matured they can be used as vessels or pots, by taking out the seeds, to hold dips and other food items. Focus 1 4 25 download free.
This tiny squash variety is a form of zucchini squash and it is preferably eaten young. When they become matured they can be used as vessels or pots, by taking out the seeds, to hold dips and other food items. Focus 1 4 25 download free.
Photo Credit
http://www.vwmin.org/stuffed-eight-ball-zucchini-soupaddict.html
http://www.vwmin.org/stuffed-eight-ball-zucchini-soupaddict.html
15. Gold Rush
Gold Rush squash has elongated structure, and the skin looks velvety with its golden yellow colour. This summer squash has tender peel and flesh, and even the seeds are soft like that of zucchini. The flesh is white and the green stem looks great along with the shiny yellow body.
Gold Rush squash has elongated structure, and the skin looks velvety with its golden yellow colour. This summer squash has tender peel and flesh, and even the seeds are soft like that of zucchini. The flesh is white and the green stem looks great along with the shiny yellow body.
16. Fortune
This summer squash has a waxy skin which is light yellow and the flesh is white. Fortune squash has a slim body with a thinner neck and it grows in huge quantities in the vines.
This summer squash has a waxy skin which is light yellow and the flesh is white. Fortune squash has a slim body with a thinner neck and it grows in huge quantities in the vines.
Photo Credit
http://www.hgtvgardens.com/squash/23-cool-squash-varieties
http://www.hgtvgardens.com/squash/23-cool-squash-varieties
17. Cuarzo
Cuarzo squash is a summer squash with greyish green skin and looks like the zucchini squash. This is much popular as it grows in plenty and because it can resist diseases, this vegetable allows longer cultivation period.
Cuarzo squash is a summer squash with greyish green skin and looks like the zucchini squash. This is much popular as it grows in plenty and because it can resist diseases, this vegetable allows longer cultivation period.
Photo Credit
http://www.hgtvgardens.com/photo/cuarzo-squash-id-00000142-0b38-d239-ab46-cf385d8e0000
http://www.hgtvgardens.com/photo/cuarzo-squash-id-00000142-0b38-d239-ab46-cf385d8e0000
18. Parador
The parador vine produces squash which are have a velvety yellow colour with small ridges and tilted neck. This summer squash grows fast and they are a treat to the eyes as well as the tongue.
The parador vine produces squash which are have a velvety yellow colour with small ridges and tilted neck. This summer squash grows fast and they are a treat to the eyes as well as the tongue.
Squash — Web Image Compression 2 0 46
Photo Credit
http://www.lindbloms.se/gronsaksfro/squash-och-pumpavaxter/squashzuccini-langa-frukter/squash-parador-f1-obetat.html
http://www.lindbloms.se/gronsaksfro/squash-och-pumpavaxter/squashzuccini-langa-frukter/squash-parador-f1-obetat.html
19. Sunburst
The Sunburst squash or patty pan squash are small and look ornamental with their flowery structure. The sunburst patty pan comes in bright sunny colour as the name suggests and having a buttery taste, it fits into any summer dish. Patty pan squash is also found in light green colour which is also known as white squash.
The Sunburst squash or patty pan squash are small and look ornamental with their flowery structure. The sunburst patty pan comes in bright sunny colour as the name suggests and having a buttery taste, it fits into any summer dish. Patty pan squash is also found in light green colour which is also known as white squash.
Squash — Web Image Compression 2 0 42
Photo Credit
http://www.swallowtailgardenseeds.com/vegetables/summer-squash-seeds.html
http://www.swallowtailgardenseeds.com/vegetables/summer-squash-seeds.html
20. Calabash
This has a unique shape and accordingly it is also known as bottle gourd. Calabash has culinary uses when it is young and after it matures, it has a variety of uses like that of a vessel or bottle or pipe. This summer squash has light green skin and ivory white flesh and grows in a climber plant. Among other names, they are also known as long melon or opo squash.
This has a unique shape and accordingly it is also known as bottle gourd. Calabash has culinary uses when it is young and after it matures, it has a variety of uses like that of a vessel or bottle or pipe. This summer squash has light green skin and ivory white flesh and grows in a climber plant. Among other names, they are also known as long melon or opo squash.
Squash — Web Image Compression 2 0 40
Photo Credit
http://www.flowerpictures.net/garden/vegetable-garden/pages/calabash.html
http://www.flowerpictures.net/garden/vegetable-garden/pages/calabash.html